Xanthoma: types, how to prevent and treatment options

Xanthoma is a skin problem characterized by the development of irregular yellow nodules due to the deposit of fat in the cells of the connective tissue. They are commonly associated with hyperlipidemia, either primary or secondary to diabetes, primary biliary cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome. (Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids in the bloodstream.)

Xanthomas can appear anywhere on the body, but they commonly appear on the elbows, joints, tendons, knees, hands, feet, and buttocks.

There are several types of xanthomas. The most common is called xanthelasma of the eyelids.

The yellow nodules that surround the eye are xanthelasma.

However, there are other types such as:

1. Tuberous xanthoma

2. Tendon xanthoma

3. Flat xanthoma

4. Eruptive xanthoma

So what investigations should be done if one has a xanthoma?

* Triglycerides, cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol should be measured. A lipoprotein profile can be done to assess cardiac risk.

* Liver function tests and blood glucose level to verify the presence of diabetes.

* A skin biopsy may be performed for further histological studies.

The xanthoma problem is more of a cosmetic problem. However, it indicates a serious change in blood cholesterol that requires attention.

Can we prevent xanthoma?

Yes, by controlling blood lipids, including triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Also, good diabetes control can prevent xanthoma.

If it happens, what is your treatment?

There are two lines of management: one medical and the other surgical.

* Regarding medical care, diet control and lipid-lowering agents will be of great value in reducing cholesterol levels in those with hyperlipidemia. A normal cholesterol level will prevent the onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

* Surgically, xanthomas can be treated through the use of trichloroacetic acid, electrodesiccation, laser therapy, and excision. However, recurrences can occur.